einsum(subscripts, *operands, out=None, dtype=None, order='K', casting='safe')
Evaluates the Einstein summation convention on the operands.
Using the Einstein summation convention, many common multi-dimensional
array operations can be represented in a simple fashion. This function
provides a way compute such summations.
The best way to understand this function is to try the examples below,
which show how many common NumPy functions can be implemented as
calls to einsum.
The subscripts string is a comma-separated list of subscript labels,
where each label refers to a dimension of the corresponding operand.
Repeated subscripts labels in one operand take the diagonal. For example,
``np.einsum('ii', a)`` is equivalent to ``np.trace(a)``.
Whenever a label is repeated, it is summed, so ``np.einsum('i,i', a, b)``
is equivalent to ``np.inner(a,b)``. If a label appears only once,
it is not summed, so ``np.einsum('i', a)`` produces a view of ``a``
with no changes.
The order of labels in the output is by default alphabetical. This
means that ``np.einsum('ij', a)`` doesn't affect a 2D array, while
``np.einsum('ji', a)`` takes its transpose.
The output can be controlled by specifying output subscript labels
as well. This specifies the label order, and allows summing to be
disallowed or forced when desired. The call ``np.einsum('i->', a)``
is equivalent to ``np.sum(a, axis=-1)``, and
``np.einsum('ii->i', a)`` is equivalent to ``np.diag(a)``.
It is also possible to control how broadcasting occurs using
an ellipsis. To take the trace along the first and last axes,
you can do ``np.einsum('i...i', a)``, or to do a matrix-matrix
product with the left-most indices instead of rightmost, you can do
``np.einsum('ij...,jk...->ik...', a, b)``.
When there is only one operand, no axes are summed, and no output
parameter is provided, a view into the operand is returned instead
of a new array. Thus, taking the diagonal as ``np.einsum('ii->i', a)``
produces a view.
Parameters
----------
subscripts : string
Specifies the subscripts for summation.
operands : list of array_like
These are the arrays for the operation.
out : None or array
If provided, the calculation is done into this array.
dtype : None or data type
If provided, forces the calculation to use the data type specified.
Note that you may have to also give a more liberal ``casting``
parameter to allow the conversions.
order : 'C', 'F', 'A', or 'K'
Controls the memory layout of the output. 'C' means it should
be Fortran contiguous. 'F' means it should be Fortran contiguous,
'A' means it should be 'F' if the inputs are all 'F', 'C' otherwise.
'K' means it should be as close to the layout as the inputs as
is possible, including arbitrarily permuted axes.
casting : 'no', 'equiv', 'safe', 'same_kind', 'unsafe'
Controls what kind of data casting may occur. Setting this to
'unsafe' is not recommended, as it can adversely affect accumulations.
'no' means the data types should not be cast at all. 'equiv' means
only byte-order changes are allowed. 'safe' means only casts
which can preserve values are allowed. 'same_kind' means only
safe casts or casts within a kind, like float64 to float32, are
allowed. 'unsafe' means any data conversions may be done.
Returns
-------
output : ndarray
The calculation based on the Einstein summation convention.
See Also
--------
dot, inner, outer, tensordot
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.arange(25).reshape(5,5)
>>> b = np.arange(5)
>>> c = np.arange(6).reshape(2,3)
>>> np.einsum('ii', a)
60
>>> np.trace(a)
60
>>> np.einsum('ii->i', a)
array([ 0, 6, 12, 18, 24])
>>> np.diag(a)
array([ 0, 6, 12, 18, 24])
>>> np.einsum('ij,j', a, b)
array([ 30, 80, 130, 180, 230])
>>> np.dot(a, b)
array([ 30, 80, 130, 180, 230])
>>> np.einsum('ji', c)
array([[0, 3],
[1, 4],
[2, 5]])
>>> c.T
array([[0, 3],
[1, 4],
[2, 5]])
>>> np.einsum(',', 3, c)
array([[ 0, 3, 6],
[ 9, 12, 15]])
>>> np.multiply(3, c)
array([[ 0, 3, 6],
[ 9, 12, 15]])
>>> np.einsum('i,i', b, b)
30
>>> np.inner(b,b)
30
>>> np.einsum('i,j', np.arange(2)+1, b)
array([[0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8]])
>>> np.outer(np.arange(2)+1, b)
array([[0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8]])
>>> np.einsum('i...->', a)
array([50, 55, 60, 65, 70])
>>> np.sum(a, axis=0)
array([50, 55, 60, 65, 70])
>>> a = np.arange(60.).reshape(3,4,5)
>>> b = np.arange(24.).reshape(4,3,2)
>>> np.einsum('ijk,jil->kl', a, b)
array([[ 4400., 4730.],
[ 4532., 4874.],
[ 4664., 5018.],
[ 4796., 5162.],
[ 4928., 5306.]])
>>> np.tensordot(a,b, axes=([1,0],[0,1]))
array([[ 4400., 4730.],
[ 4532., 4874.],
[ 4664., 5018.],
[ 4796., 5162.],
[ 4928., 5306.]])
Locked
